Bai Yanhu (, ; 1830–1882), also known as Mohammed Ayub (مُحَمَّد بَىْيًاحُو),
Life
Bai Yanhu was a commander of a battalion of Hui Muslim forces from Shaanxi during the Dungan Revolt. After being pushed out of Shaanxi by
Qing dynasty forces under the command of
Zuo Zongtang, he fled to the
Jahriyya stronghold of Jinjipu (near modern-day Wuzhong, Ningxia).
After the surrender of Jinjipu, Bai and his followers fled to Hezhou (today's
Linxia City). After the surrender of Hezhou, he fled to
Xining. In 1873, Bai decided to leave Xining and flee to
Xinjiang. The exact number of his followers at this time is unknown but it was likely several thousand, and some sources claim that it was between thirteen and thirty-five thousand.
After entering Xinjiang, troops led by Bai managed to take control of
Hami, but they abandoned the city shortly thereafter, fleeing from the approaching Qing army. In late 1873, they entered territory controlled by Yaqub Beg. Bai agreed to submit to Yaqub Beg and his followers were permitted to live in the area around Urumqi and
Manas County.
When Zuo Zongtang's forces advanced into Xinjiang, Bai was placed in charge of defending Urumqi. In August 1876, when Zuo's army approached the city, Bai fled, and Urumqi fell to the Qing. Some sources record that around this time, Zuo's army requested that Yaqub Beg hand Bai Yanhu over to them. This request received no response from Yaqub Beg.
Fight from Kashgaria and legacy
After the fall of Urumqi, Bai fled from city to city in Xinjiang, until he eventually fled to Russian territory with several thousand of his followers. They settled in the
Chuy Valley, in what is now
Kyrgyzstan. Zuo attempted to convince Russia to extradite Bai Yanhu, but Russia refused, as it wanted to benefit from letting it's frontier be populated by a community that was fiercely hostile to the Qing.
Bai lived in Russian territory until his death several years later.
Bai Yanhu's tribe's first settlement was located 8 kilometres from Tokmak. Bianhu named the colony "Yingpan"(Literally "Camp"). After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yingpan lies within the border of Kazakhstan. Today, the town is known as Masanchi (Karakunuz),
The Dungan poet Iasyr Shivaza claimed in 1985 that Bai died in Masanchi, and a wooden dummy was buried in his grave. The Dungans then took his body to Bishkek where they buried him in the yard of his son's house at Dzerzhinsky Avenue (today called Erkindik Boulevard/ Бульвар Эркиндик).
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